PRE COURSE Copy

English Alphabet is composed of the following 26 letters:
Английский алфавит состоит из следующих 26 букв:
A-B-C-D-E-F-G-H-I-J-K-L-M-N-O-P-Q-R-S-T-U-V-W-X-Y-Z

A is a vowel(гласный звук), two sounds.

А — гласная, два звука.

B,

C is a letter that has no sound but either takes the sound of K or S. K as in Can and S as in rice.

C — это буква, которая не имеет звука, но принимает звук K или S. K, как Can, и S, как rice.

D,

E is another vowel.

Е — еще одна гласная.

F

G has two sounds. G as in good or a 'hard' G as in magic. Garage has both sounds

G имеет два звука. G в хорошем или «жестком» G в magic. В Garage есть оба звука

H

I is another vowel.

I — еще одна гласная.

J

K

L

M

N

O is another vowel.

O — еще одна гласная.

P

Q is nearly always used with U and has the qu sound

Q почти всегда используется с U и имеет звук qu(кю).

R

S

T

U is another vowel.

U — еще одна гласная.

V

W

X has two sounds. Most common one is Extreme (ks), and another sound as in Example (gz)

X имеет два звука. Наиболее распространенный звук — Extreme (кс), а другой звук, как в Example (гз).

Y sometimes has a short 'I' sound as in MYTH but at the beginning of a word it has a YUH sound, such as young.

Y иногда имеет короткий звук «I», как в MYTH , но в начале слова у него есть звук YUH, например, young.

Z as in buzz or zodiac or zip

Z как в buzz или zodiac или zip

Vowels(Гласные):

A

E

I

O

U

(Sometimes, иногда Y)

Numbers are among one of the first things we learn when learning a new language.

There are two types of numbers; cardinal and ordinal.

Числа — одно из первых вещей, которые мы изучаем при изучении нового языка.

Есть два типа чисел; кардинальное и порядковое.

Cardinal Numbers

Ordinal Numbers

Days of Week

1. Monday - Понедельник
2. Tuesday - Bторник
3. Wednesday - Среда
4. Thursday - Четверг
5. Friday -  Пятница
6. Saturday - Суббота
7. Sunday - Воскресенье

Saturday and Sunday are known as the weekend.
Common misspelling: Wendesday

Months

1. January - Январь
2. February - Февраль
3. March - Март
4. April - Апрель
5. May - Май
6. June - Июнь
7. July - Июль

8. August - Август

9. September - Сентябрь
10. October - Октябрь
11. November - Ноябрь
12. December - Декабрь

Common Misspelling: Feburary

Seasons of the Year

• summer
• winter
• spring
• autumn / fall

Fall is used in United States, Autumn in the rest of the world.

Capital Letters

Remember, in English that the first letter of the day or month is always in capital letters.

• January correct - january incorrect
• Thursday correct - thursday incorrect

Though the first letter of the seasons does not begin with a capital letters.

• Spring incorrect - spring correct

In American English

If you want to be formal, you write the month and the day, and then you add the year in numerical format.

Если вы хотите быть формальным, вы пишете месяц и день, а затем добавляете год в числовом формате.

For example: May the twentieth, 1981

A less formal way of writing the date is writing only the month and then adding the day and the year in numerical format.

Менее формальный способ написания даты - написать только месяц, а затем добавить день и год в числовом формате.

For example: May 20^th, 1981

The least formal way of writing the date is using all numerical formats.
Наименее формальный способ написания даты — использование всех числовых форматов.
05/20/1981

Note: you can use a dot (.) or a hyphen (-) instead of a slash (/).

For example: 05.20.1981 or 05-20-1981

In British English

The only difference between American and British English in writing the date is actually the order of the month and the day. In American English month comes first, however; in British English day comes first.

Единственная разница между американским и британским английским языком в написании даты — это порядок месяца и дня. Однако в американском английском на первом месте стоит месяц; в британском английском день стоит на первом месте.

1. Examples
   
   Excuse me. Can you tell me where the pharmacy is?It is on First Street. Walk down the first street and you will see the pharmacy on the right, next to the gas station.Thank you.

   2.
   Excuse me. Can you tell me how to get to the Public Library from here?

   Sure. Walk up Bright Street and you'll see the public library' on the left, across from the Laundromat.

   Thanks a lot.

   3.
   Excuse me. Would you please tell me how to get to the hospital from here?

   Certainly. Drive along First Avenue to Maple Street and turn right. Drive up Maple Street and you will see the hospital on the left, between the museum and the park.

   Thanks.

   4.
   Excuse me. What is the easiest way to get to the Grand hotel?

   Take the Park Street bus and get off at second Avenue. Walk down Second Avenue and you'll see the Grand Hotel on the left.

   Thank you very much.

   You're welcome.

Subject Pronouns For Beginners:

Examples:

a. Tony and Timothy are basketball players.
They are basketball players.

b. Miss White is very clever.
She is very clever.

c. Richie is an English teacher.
He is an English teacher.

d. Lion is the king of the jungles.
It is the king of the jungle.

Tips, explanations and exercises for indefinite articles A / An:

Советы, пояснения и упражнения для неопределённых артиклей A/An:

Use 'A' before a word which begins with a consonant sound.
Используйте «А» перед словом, которое начинается с согласного звука.

Use 'AN' before a word which begins with a vowel sound

Используйте 'AN' перед словом, которое начинается с гласного звука.

Attention: Note that the pronunciation is what matters when choosing between a & an.
Обратите внимание, что произношение имеет значение при выборе между a и an.

Examples:

an honor (h is silent)
an hour

a university (a before the 'y' sound)
a unit

If a sentence doesn't have a main verb, we use the verb "to be" as an auxiliary verb.

An Auxiliary verb, also called a helping verb, has no meaning on its own but helps the main verb in functional and grammatical way.

Вспомогательный глагол, также называемый вспомогательным глаголом, сам по себе не имеет значения, но помогает основному глаголу функционально и грамматически.

Present Tense Verb To Be Table

Possessive adjectives are used before nouns.
Притяжательные прилагательные употребляются перед существительными.

Examples:

a. It is Micheal's dictionary.
It is his dictionary.

b. They are Rafi and Cynthia's children.
They are their children.

c. Isn't John's motorcycle in the backyard?
Isn't his motorcycle in the backyard?

Read through the explanations and examples, do the exercise that follows.

Прочтите пояснения и примеры, выполните следующее упражнение.

Forming Plurals

• Most of the nouns are made plural by adding an 's':pen - pens
  pencil - pencils
  book - books
  file - files
• Nouns ending with s, ss, z, zz, x, ch, sh, and tch are made plural by adding "es" to the singular form:wish - wishes
  watch - watches
  fox - foxes
  bus - buses
• If a noun's singular form ends with a consonant plus y, you must change the y to I and then add "es":baby - babies
  candy - candies
  sky - skies
  spy - spiesAttention: Proper nouns are exceptions to the rule.

  the Wendys (not Wendies)
  the Kennedys (not Kennedies)

• Some Irregular Plural Forms:man - men
  woman - women
  foot - feet
  tooth - teeth
  child - children
  medium- mediaAttention: A singular subject takes a singular verb, and a plural subject takes a plural verb. Therefore:

  The media are presenting the story inaccurately.
  Women are usually more sensitive than men.

• Forming Plurals Table

  Forming Plurals	Singular	Plural
  a. Most nouns take S at the end of their singular forms.	camera lesson	cameras lessons
  b. If the noun ends in S, Z, CH, SH, O, SS, or X, we add ES.	potato pass tax	potatoes passes taxes
  * EXCEPTIONS.	radio photo	radios photos
  c. If the noun ends in F or Fe, change F or FE to V, and add - ES.	knife wife thief shelf	knives wives thieves shelves
  d. If the noun ends in Y preceded by a consonant, change Y to I; and add -ES(ies)	fly baby country city	flies babies countries cities
  e. Some nouns have irregular plural forms	child foot tooth man sheep	children feet teeth men sheep

  Non-Singular/Plural Form Nouns

  Singular	Plural	No Singular Form	No Plural Form
  pencil car city woman book dictionary lesson foot	pencils cars cities women books dictionaries lessons feet	cattle trousers scissors pliers police glasses pants shorts	news information measles furniture baggage advice knowledge rubbish

  Singular/Plural of "Verb TO BE"

  a. A library is a useful building.
  Libraries are useful buildings.

  b. She is a clever girl.
  They are clever girls.

  c. Is it a new shelf?
  Are they new shelves?

  d. Are these boys hungry?
  Is this boy hungry?

  e. He isn't a worker.
  They aren't workers.

What is the difference between Color and Colour?

Both words mean the same thing and its spelling depends on the country where the word is written.

Оба слова означают одно и то же, и их написание зависит от страны, в которой это слово написано.

The word Color is used in United States.

The word Colour is used in the rest of the English-speaking countries (England, Australia, NZ etc.)

Below are some of the most common main colors.

What is the difference between Gray and Grey?

The same as with the difference between color and colour, it depends on the country.

The word Gray is used in United States.

The word Grey is used in the rest of the English-speaking countries (England, Australia, NZ etc.)

Word order with colours

There are three ways that you can use a colour in a sentence to describe something:

1. To Be + Colour. e.g. My car is blue.

2. Colour + Noun. e.g. The blue car is mine.

3. Colour is the Noun. e.g. Blue is the colour of my car.

Did you know that, because colours give us more information about a person or a thing, they are adjectives in English?

Light - Dark - Bright

You can also talk in shades (or intensity) of colour in English by using such expressions as:

Light is the opposite of Dark.

Bright: a strong colour that is easy to see.

• Helen has dark green eyes.
• His light grey hair made him look very distinguished.
• Her bright pink lipstick doesn't look good.

The words Light, Dark and Bright are placed before the colour.

Colours + ISH

If you are not exactly sure how to describe a colour, we normally use the suffix -ish.

e.g. Greenish (= approximately green but not exactly green)

• The sunset is a beautiful pinkish-purplish colour today.
• His shirt is lightish blue in colour.

Typical Things of each Colour

The following is a list of things typically associated with each colour:

Red: Strawberry, Rose, Fire engine, Blood, Heart

Orange: Pumpkin, Carrot, Basketball

Yellow: Cheese, Sun, Butter, Lemon

Green: Grass, Lettuce, Frog, Leaf, Lizard

Blue: Sky, Ocean, Blueberry, Whale

Black: Bat, Night, Tire (tyre), Fly

White: Paper, Sugar, Milk, Snow, Sheep

Pink: Pig, Tongue, Cotton candy (Candy floss)

Brown: Wood, Cigar, Earth, Acorn, Horse

Grey / Gray: Rock, Lead, Dust, Mouse, Elephant

Purple: Bruise, Grapes

What is an adjective?

An adjective is a describing word. An adjective gives more information about something.
An adjective generally describes a noun. A noun is a person, a thing, or a place.

Прилагательное — это описательное слово. Прилагательное дает больше информации о чем-то.
Прилагательное обычно описывает существительное. Существительное — это человек, вещь или место.

List of Adjectives and their opposites

Here we have a list of common adjectives and the opposite of each one.

• happy – sad
• big – small
• hot – cold
• fast – slow
• wet – dry
• black – white
• nervous – relaxed
• clean – dirty
• sick – healthy
• poor – rich
• full – empty
• strong – weak
• noisy – quiet
• hard – soft
• difficult – easy
• dangerous – safe
• generous – selfish
• cheap – expensive
• lazy – hardworking
• beautiful – ugly
• open – closed
• early – late
• tidy – messy
• deep – shallow
• left – right
• wrong – right
• old – new
• old – young
• short – tall
• short – long
• light – dark
• light – heavy

Some additional opposites that don’t appear in our video are:

• funny – serious
• sweet – sour
• straight – curly
• loose – tight
• low – high
• good – bad
• thin – fat
• narrow – wide
• close – far

Let's look at some types of food in English:

Dairy Products: food that is produced from the milk of mammals, such as cows and goats

• Examples of dairy products: butter, cheese, cream, milk, yoghurt (yogurt)

Dessert: the sweet course usually eaten after a main meal.

• Examples of desserts: cake, cookies, cupcakes, ice cream, jelly, mousse, pie, pudding, sundae

Fruit: A fruit is the part of a plant that has seeds and flesh (edible covering). A fruit is normally sweet (or sometimes sour) and can be eaten in its raw (uncooked) state.

• Examples of fruit: apples, bananas, grapes, oranges, pears.

Grains: wheat or other cultivated cereal used as food.

• Examples of grains: barley, oats, rice, quinoa, wheat

Meat: the flesh of an animal / bird used as food.

• Examples of meat: beef, chicken, duck, pork, venison

Seafood: food that comes from the sea / ocean

• Examples of seafood: fish, oysters, scallops, shrimps, tuna

Vegetables: A vegetable is the edible part of a plant that is used in cooking or can sometimes be eaten raw. They are different from fruit in that vegetables don't have seeds.

• Examples of vegetables: carrots, celery, lettuce, onions, potatoes